Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0
This document refers to the 2.0 version of Apache httpd, which is no longer maintained. Upgrade, and refer to the current version of httpd instead, documented at:
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The suEXEC feature provides Apache users the ability to run CGI and SSI programs under user IDs different from the user ID of the calling web server. Normally, when a CGI or SSI program executes, it runs as the same user who is running the web server.
Used properly, this feature can reduce considerably the security risks involved with allowing users to develop and run private CGI or SSI programs. However, if suEXEC is improperly configured, it can cause any number of problems and possibly create new holes in your computer's security. If you aren't familiar with managing setuid root programs and the security issues they present, we highly recommend that you not consider using suEXEC.
Before jumping head-first into this document, you should be aware of the assumptions made on the part of the Apache Group and this document.
First, it is assumed that you are using a UNIX derivative operating system that is capable of setuid and setgid operations. All command examples are given in this regard. Other platforms, if they are capable of supporting suEXEC, may differ in their configuration.
Second, it is assumed you are familiar with some basic concepts of your computer's security and its administration. This involves an understanding of setuid/setgid operations and the various effects they may have on your system and its level of security.
Third, it is assumed that you are using an unmodified version of suEXEC code. All code for suEXEC has been carefully scrutinized and tested by the developers as well as numerous beta testers. Every precaution has been taken to ensure a simple yet solidly safe base of code. Altering this code can cause unexpected problems and new security risks. It is highly recommended you not alter the suEXEC code unless you are well versed in the particulars of security programming and are willing to share your work with the Apache Group for consideration.
Fourth, and last, it has been the decision of the Apache Group to NOT make suEXEC part of the default installation of Apache. To this end, suEXEC configuration requires of the administrator careful attention to details. After due consideration has been given to the various settings for suEXEC, the administrator may install suEXEC through normal installation methods. The values for these settings need to be carefully determined and specified by the administrator to properly maintain system security during the use of suEXEC functionality. It is through this detailed process that the Apache Group hopes to limit suEXEC installation only to those who are careful and determined enough to use it.
Still with us? Yes? Good. Let's move on!
Before we begin configuring and installing suEXEC, we will first discuss the security model you are about to implement. By doing so, you may better understand what exactly is going on inside suEXEC and what precautions are taken to ensure your system's security.
suEXEC is based on a setuid "wrapper" program that is called by the main Apache web server. This wrapper is called when an HTTP request is made for a CGI or SSI program that the administrator has designated to run as a userid other than that of the main server. When such a request is made, Apache provides the suEXEC wrapper with the program's name and the user and group IDs under which the program is to execute.
The wrapper then employs the following process to determine success or failure -- if any one of these conditions fail, the program logs the failure and exits with an error, otherwise it will continue:
This is to ensure that the user executing the wrapper is truly a user of the system.
The wrapper will only execute if it is given the proper number of arguments. The proper argument format is known to the Apache web server. If the wrapper is not receiving the proper number of arguments, it is either being hacked, or there is something wrong with the suEXEC portion of your Apache binary.
Is this user the user allowed to run this wrapper? Only one user (the Apache user) is allowed to execute this program.
Does the target CGI or SSI program's path contain a leading
'/' or have a '..' backreference? These are not allowed; the
target CGI/SSI program must reside within suEXEC's document
root (see --with-suexec-docroot=DIR
below).
Does the target user exist?
Does the target group exist?
Presently, suEXEC does not allow root
to execute CGI/SSI programs.
The minimum user ID number is specified during configuration. This allows you to set the lowest possible userid that will be allowed to execute CGI/SSI programs. This is useful to block out "system" accounts.
Presently, suEXEC does not allow the root
group to execute CGI/SSI programs.
The minimum group ID number is specified during configuration. This allows you to set the lowest possible groupid that will be allowed to execute CGI/SSI programs. This is useful to block out "system" groups.
Here is where the program becomes the target user and group via setuid and setgid calls. The group access list is also initialized with all of the groups of which the user is a member.
If it doesn't exist, it can't very well contain files. If we can't change directory to it, it might aswell not exist.
If the request is for a regular portion of the server, is
the requested directory within suEXEC's document root? If
the request is for a UserDir
, is the requested directory
within the directory configured as suEXEC's userdir (see
suEXEC's configuration options)?
We don't want to open up the directory to others; only the owner user may be able to alter this directories contents.
If it doesn't exists, it can't very well be executed.
We don't want to give anyone other than the owner the ability to change the CGI/SSI program.
We do not want to execute programs that will then change our UID/GID again.
Is the user the owner of the file?
suEXEC cleans the process' environment by establishing a safe execution PATH (defined during configuration), as well as only passing through those variables whose names are listed in the safe environment list (also created during configuration).
Here is where suEXEC ends and the target CGI/SSI program begins.
This is the standard operation of the suEXEC wrapper's security model. It is somewhat stringent and can impose new limitations and guidelines for CGI/SSI design, but it was developed carefully step-by-step with security in mind.
For more information as to how this security model can limit your possibilities in regards to server configuration, as well as what security risks can be avoided with a proper suEXEC setup, see the "Beware the Jabberwock" section of this document.
Here's where we begin the fun.
suEXEC configuration
options
--enable-suexec
--with-suexec-xxxxx
option has to be provided
together with the --enable-suexec
option to let
APACI accept your request for using the suEXEC feature.--with-suexec-bin=PATH
suexec
binary must be hard-coded
in the server for security reasons. Use this option to override
the default path. e.g.
--with-suexec-bin=/usr/bin/suexec
--with-suexec-caller=UID
--with-suexec-userdir=DIR
UserDir
directive (ie. one without a "*" in it) this should be set to the same
value. suEXEC will not work properly in cases where the UserDir
directive points to
a location that is not the same as the user's home directory
as referenced in the passwd
file. Default value is
"public_html
".UserDir
for each,
you will need to define them to all reside in one parent
directory; then name that parent directory here. If
this is not defined properly, "~userdir" cgi requests will
not work!--with-suexec-docroot=DIR
UserDir
s) that can be used for suEXEC behavior. The
default directory is the --datadir
value with the suffix
"/htdocs
", e.g. if you configure with
"--datadir=/home/apache
" the directory
"/home/apache/htdocs
" is used as document root for the
suEXEC wrapper.--with-suexec-uidmin=UID
--with-suexec-gidmin=GID
--with-suexec-logfile=FILE
suexec_log
" and located in your standard logfile
directory (--logfiledir
).--with-suexec-safepath=PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
".If you have enabled the suEXEC feature with the
--enable-suexec
option the suexec
binary
(together with Apache itself) is automatically built if you execute
the make
command.
After all components have been built you can execute the
command make install
to install them. The binary image
suexec
is installed in the directory defined by the
--sbindir
option. The default location is
"/usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec".
Please note that you need root
privileges for the installation step. In order
for the wrapper to set the user ID, it must be installed as
owner root
and must have the setuserid
execution bit set for file modes.
Although the suEXEC wrapper will check to ensure that its
caller is the correct user as specified with the
--with-suexec-caller
configure
option, there is
always the possibility that a system or library call suEXEC uses
before this check may be exploitable on your system. To counter
this, and because it is best-practise in general, you should use
filesystem permissions to ensure that only the group Apache
runs as may execute suEXEC.
If for example, your web server is configured to run as:
User www
Group webgroup
and suexec
is installed at
"/usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec", you should run:
chgrp webgroup /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec
chmod 4750 /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec
This will ensure that only the group Apache runs as can even execute the suEXEC wrapper.
Upon startup of Apache, it looks for the file
suexec
in the directory defined by the
--sbindir
option (default is
"/usr/local/apache/bin/suexec"). If Apache finds a properly
configured suEXEC wrapper, it will print the following message
to the error log:
[notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /path/to/suexec)
If you don't see this message at server startup, the server is most likely not finding the wrapper program where it expects it, or the executable is not installed setuid root.
If you want to enable the suEXEC mechanism for the first time and an Apache server is already running you must kill and restart Apache. Restarting it with a simple HUP or USR1 signal will not be enough.
If you want to disable suEXEC you should kill and restart
Apache after you have removed the suexec
file.
Requests for CGI programs will call the suEXEC wrapper only if
they are for a virtual host containing a SuexecUserGroup
directive or if
they are processed by mod_userdir
.
Virtual Hosts:
One way to use the suEXEC
wrapper is through the SuexecUserGroup
directive in
VirtualHost
definitions. By
setting this directive to values different from the main server
user ID, all requests for CGI resources will be executed as the
User and Group defined for that <VirtualHost>
. If this
directive is not specified for a <VirtualHost>
then the main server userid
is assumed.
User directories:
Requests that are
processed by mod_userdir
will call the suEXEC
wrapper to execute CGI programs under the userid of the requested
user directory. The only requirement needed for this feature to
work is for CGI execution to be enabled for the user and that the
script must meet the scrutiny of the security
checks above. See also the
--with-suexec-userdir
compile
time option.
The suEXEC wrapper will write log information
to the file defined with the --with-suexec-logfile
option as indicated above. If you feel you have configured and
installed the wrapper properly, have a look at this log and the
error_log for the server to see where you may have gone astray.
NOTE! This section may not be complete. For the latest revision of this section of the documentation, see the Apache Group's Online Documentation version.
There are a few points of interest regarding the wrapper that can cause limitations on server setup. Please review these before submitting any "bugs" regarding suEXEC.
For security and efficiency reasons, all suEXEC requests must remain within either a top-level document root for virtual host requests, or one top-level personal document root for userdir requests. For example, if you have four VirtualHosts configured, you would need to structure all of your VHosts' document roots off of one main Apache document hierarchy to take advantage of suEXEC for VirtualHosts. (Example forthcoming.)
This can be a dangerous thing to change. Make certain every path you include in this define is a trusted directory. You don't want to open people up to having someone from across the world running a trojan horse on them.
Again, this can cause Big Trouble if you try this without knowing what you are doing. Stay away from it if at all possible.